Project duration: 2003 - 2004
Leader: UTU Geography
Partners: UDSM Geography
Funding: MOSSE / Ministry for Foreign Affairs Finland
Interaction between community, forest plantation and biodiversity
The research project studied interaction between forest plantation and community and its impact on biodiversity in Zanzibar, Tanzania. The project run between 2003 and 2004 as a collaboration between the then Department of of Geography, University of Turku (UTU) and the Department of Geography, University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM). The Project was part of a larger research program called MOSSE (Luonnon monimuotoisuuden tutkimusohjelma).
The project looked at the impact of Finnish forestry involvement in Zanzibar from the communities perspective. The involvement on the island had started in 1980 and lasted for 16 years. When the Zanzibar Forestry Development Project (ZFDP) started, Zanzibar did not have a forestry administration, which therefore needed to be created. The most urgent problem to be addressed was the strong erosion in the deepsoil areas especially in Chaani and Dole. The project established nurseries and started large tree planting activities. Tree planting was also introduced to the villages from the very start and gained gradually momentum. The project carried out a large training program, which was the means to create the human resource for the development of the forestry sector. By the end of the ZFDP it had trained a total of 54 forestry professionals. Towards the end of the ZFDP community work received even more emphasis. The government support to tree planting in the villages was gradually reduced and private entrepreneurs were encouraged to establish nurseries and sell seedlings to the villagers. This strategy was used to ensure that seedling production would continue after the forestry project came to an end and thus the started activities would be sustainable.
In the research project the impacts of the intervention in the community space and the lives of the people were studied to find out what kind of responses the forestry activities have caused and continues to cause. The research villages on the Island of Unguja were chosen to represent different environments. Villages where some kind of studies had already been made were preferred. The choice was done in consultation with the forestry officers in Zanzibar. Four villages were chosen, namely Dole, Kiwengwa, Matemwe and Cheju. The coordinators of the project were Dr Taimi Sitari (UTU) and Prof Salome Misana (UDSM). Researchers involved were Dr Niina Käyhkö and Phil.Lic Riitta Kotiluoto from UTU and research assistants Sanna Juntunen, Mika Orjala, Emmanuel Mhache and Harun Makandi. The research was facilitated in Zanzibar by foresters Tahir Haji and Yusuf Kombo from the Department of Commercial Crops, Fruits and Forestry (DCCFF, GoZ).
Main findings of the research project:
- Majority of the villagers in the four study villages have been involved in the forestry activities and majority regards that they have benefited from it. All the information shows, that both government and private tree planting benefits people offering them income opportunities. Furthermore, people’s interest in the forestry activities is in the potential to earn monetary income.
- Men have been more involved in forestry activities than women. Women are in weaker position regarding both access to land and access to seedlings and thus would require support systems to gain equal opportunities in tree planting.
- The local (shehia) administration cannot protect the interests of the villagers against institutional and commercial land users’ demands. The local management is overrun by politically backed users and leaves people into a weak position as regard to their land rights.
- Major land cover changes in the area are increase in forest cover due to government plantations, change of scrublands and forests into grassland areas, expansion of settlements and agricultural lands.
- In shifting cultivation practice individual clearings have diminished in size, but mature forests, which still existed in shifting cultivation areas in the 1970’s, have been replaced by patches of young forests and scrubs. The rotation cycle seems too fast to sustain mature forests within the shifting cultivations areas. By controlled cycles, patches of forest could be left to mature and the connectedness of old growth forests rehabilitated in the long run.
- Indigenous shrub and tree species grow rather well under acacia and casuarina plantations, especially in coral rag areas. Most of the indigenous species in plantations are common pioneer species which can offer possibilities to the redevelopment of indigenous forest communities if exotic trees are harvested and areas are left untouched for longer period.
- The interviews during the research project revealed that valuable information of land use and consequent landscape changes lies in the minds of the people living in the area. The folk memory is valuable when linked with remote sensing observations and written records. An innovative way would be to systematically collect this information from the local people and combine it into change analysis in GIS.
- The environmental officials in Zanzibar expressed major interest towards remote sensing and GIS techniques in the ecosystem analysis. Related training and datasets should involve not only biological surveys but those, which seek to link the human activities to those of the ecosystem processes and dynamics.